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learn-golang/go-interfaces/main.go
2025-12-26 17:56:02 +08:00

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package main
import "fmt"
// ========== 1. 定义接口(鸭子类型)==========
type Speaker interface {
Speak() string
}
type Dog struct{}
func (d Dog) Speak() string {
return "Woof!"
}
type Cat struct{}
func (c Cat) Speak() string {
return "Meow~"
}
type Robot struct{}
func (r Robot) Speak() string {
return "Beep boop."
}
// ========== 2. 空接口interface{}==========
// 在 Go 1.18+ 中,推荐使用 any它是 interface{} 的别名)
func printAnything(v any) {
fmt.Printf("接收到: %v (类型: %T)\n", v, v)
}
// ========== 3. 类型断言 ==========
func describeSpeaker(s Speaker) {
fmt.Println("它说:", s.Speak())
// 类型断言:判断具体类型
if d, ok := s.(Dog); ok {
fmt.Println("这是一只狗!", d)
} else if c, ok := s.(Cat); ok {
fmt.Println("这是一只猫!", c)
}
}
// 使用 switch 进行类型断言(更优雅)
func identify(v any) {
switch x := v.(type) {
case string:
fmt.Printf("字符串: %s\n", x)
case int:
fmt.Printf("整数: %d\n", x)
case Speaker:
fmt.Printf("会说话的东西: %s\n", x.Speak())
default:
fmt.Printf("未知类型: %T\n", x)
}
}
// ========== 主函数 ==========
func main() {
fmt.Println("=== 1. 鸭子类型:只要会 Speak(),就是 Speaker ===")
animals := []Speaker{Dog{}, Cat{}, Robot{}}
for _, a := range animals {
fmt.Println(a.Speak())
}
fmt.Println("\n=== 2. 空接口any可接收任意类型 ===")
printAnything(42)
printAnything("Hello")
printAnything(Dog{})
fmt.Println("\n=== 3. 类型断言:从接口还原具体类型 ===")
describeSpeaker(Dog{})
describeSpeaker(Cat{})
fmt.Println("\n=== 4. 类型 switch安全高效的类型判断 ===")
identify("Gopher")
identify(100)
identify(Robot{})
identify(true) // 未知类型
fmt.Println("\n=== 5. 安全 vs 不安全的类型断言 ===")
var i any = "hello"
s := i.(string) // 不安全:如果类型不对,会 panic
fmt.Println("不安全断言结果:", s)
// 安全方式
if val, ok := i.(int); ok {
fmt.Println("是整数:", val)
} else {
fmt.Println("不是整数!")
}
}