diff --git a/backend/app/routers/custom_pages.py b/backend/app/routers/custom_pages.py
index 1c83791..1980452 100644
--- a/backend/app/routers/custom_pages.py
+++ b/backend/app/routers/custom_pages.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 """Custom pages CRUD router + authenticated iframe proxy."""
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import logging
 import re
 from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from typing import Any, List, Literal, Optional
@@ -21,6 +22,8 @@ from app.services.auth_capture_service import extract_all
 from app.services.browser_session_service import browser_sessions
 from app.utils.auth import decode_token, get_current_user, get_user_from_token_param
 
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
 router = APIRouter(prefix="/api/custom-pages", tags=["custom-pages"])
 
 # Headers that prevent iframe embedding — strip them from proxied responses
@@ -215,17 +218,29 @@ import json as _json
 class RefreshAuthResponse(BaseModel):
     success: bool
     message: str
+    warning: Optional[str] = None
 
 
 def _pick_best_candidate(candidates: list[dict], preferred_auth_type: str) -> Optional[dict]:
     if not candidates:
         return None
-    type_map = {"cookie": "cookie", "bearer": "bearer_token", "api_key": "api_key"}
-    preferred = type_map.get(preferred_auth_type)
-    if preferred:
+    # cookie_bundle > cookie > bearer_token > api_key
+    # preferred_auth_type="cookie" 时优先匹配 bundle，其次单 cookie
+    if preferred_auth_type == "cookie":
         for c in candidates:
-            if c["type"] == preferred:
+            if c["type"] == "cookie_bundle":
                 return c
+        for c in candidates:
+            if c["type"] == "cookie":
+                return c
+    elif preferred_auth_type in ("bearer", "api_key"):
+        type_map = {"bearer": "bearer_token", "api_key": "api_key"}
+        preferred = type_map.get(preferred_auth_type)
+        if preferred:
+            for c in candidates:
+                if c["type"] == preferred:
+                    return c
+    # fallback：排序后取第一个
     return candidates[0]
 
 
@@ -260,12 +275,10 @@ async def refresh_auth(pid: int, db: Session = Depends(get_db), _=Depends(get_cu
     existing_config = _json.loads(upstream.auth_config_json or "{}")
     ctype = candidate["type"]
 
-    if ctype == "cookie":
+    if ctype in ("cookie_bundle", "cookie"):
         upstream.auth_type = "cookie"
-        if candidate.get("cookie_name") and candidate.get("cookie_value"):
-            existing_config["cookie_string"] = f"{candidate['cookie_name']}={candidate['cookie_value']}"
-        else:
-            existing_config["cookie_string"] = candidate.get("value", "")
+        # cookie_bundle.value 已是完整 cookie_string；cookie.value 是 "name=value" 格式
+        existing_config["cookie_string"] = candidate.get("value", "")
         if candidate.get("new_api_user"):
             existing_config["new_api_user"] = candidate["new_api_user"]
     elif ctype == "bearer_token":
@@ -281,7 +294,7 @@ async def refresh_auth(pid: int, db: Session = Depends(get_db), _=Depends(get_cu
         except UnicodeEncodeError:
             return RefreshAuthResponse(
                 success=False,
-                message=f"提取到的 Token 含有非 HTTP 标头字符，请确认已在远程浏览器中正确登录并重试",
+                message="提取到的 Token 含有非 HTTP 标头字符，请确认已在远程浏览器中正确登录并重试",
             )
         existing_config["token"] = token
     elif ctype == "api_key":
@@ -291,9 +304,40 @@ async def refresh_auth(pid: int, db: Session = Depends(get_db), _=Depends(get_cu
 
     upstream.auth_config_json = _json.dumps(existing_config, ensure_ascii=False)
     upstream.updated_at = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
-    db.commit()
 
-    return RefreshAuthResponse(success=True, message=f"凭证已刷新 ({upstream.auth_type})")
+    # ── 宽松验证：写回后尝试调用 get_available_groups 验证凭证可用性 ──
+    # 失败时仍然 commit（凭证已写入），但在 message 里说明验证失败
+    # 这样用户仍能看到新凭证已写入，便于 debug（cf_clearance 绑 IP 时验证必然失败）
+    warning_msg: Optional[str] = None
+    try:
+        from app.services.upstream_client import UpstreamClient
+        groups_endpoint = upstream.groups_endpoint or "/groups/available"
+        new_auth_config = _json.loads(upstream.auth_config_json)
+        with UpstreamClient(
+            base_url=upstream.base_url,
+            api_prefix=upstream.api_prefix or "",
+            auth_type=upstream.auth_type,
+            auth_config=new_auth_config,
+            timeout=float(upstream.timeout_seconds or 30),
+        ) as uc:
+            uc.get_available_groups(groups_endpoint)
+        logger.info("refresh_auth: upstream %s credential verification passed", upstream.id)
+    except Exception as exc:
+        warning_msg = (
+            f"凭证已写入但 API 验证失败：{exc}。"
+            "若 SmartUp 与远程浏览器不在同一 IP，cf_clearance 可能无法复用，请手动测试连接。"
+        )
+        logger.warning(
+            "refresh_auth: upstream %s credential verification failed (written anyway): %s",
+            upstream.id, exc,
+        )
+
+    db.commit()
+    auth_type_label = upstream.auth_type
+    cookie_count = candidate.get("cookie_count", "")
+    count_str = f"（{cookie_count} 个 cookie）" if cookie_count else ""
+    success_msg = f"凭证已刷新 ({auth_type_label}{count_str})"
+    return RefreshAuthResponse(success=True, message=success_msg, warning=warning_msg)
 
 
 # ---- Frame Proxy (simple: strip X-Frame-Options / CSP, pass through content) ----
diff --git a/backend/app/services/auth_capture_service.py b/backend/app/services/auth_capture_service.py
index 74dd227..12be93d 100644
--- a/backend/app/services/auth_capture_service.py
+++ b/backend/app/services/auth_capture_service.py
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import json
 import logging
 from typing import Any
+from urllib.parse import urlparse
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -110,7 +111,18 @@ async def extract_all(session: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     session_storage = await extract_session_storage(page)
     auth_headers = await extract_request_headers(session)
     new_api_user = _find_new_api_user(local_storage, session_storage) or await extract_new_api_user_id(page)
-    candidates = _curate_candidates(cookies, local_storage, session_storage, auth_headers, new_api_user)
+
+    # 获取当前浏览器页面的真实 URL（比 session.url 更准确）
+    page_url = ""
+    try:
+        page_url = page.url or ""
+    except Exception:
+        pass
+
+    candidates = _curate_candidates(
+        cookies, local_storage, session_storage, auth_headers, new_api_user,
+        page_url=page_url,
+    )
 
     return {
         "cookies": cookies,
@@ -121,17 +133,83 @@ async def extract_all(session: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     }
 
 
+def _cookie_matches_hostname(cookie_domain: str, hostname: str) -> bool:
+    """判断 cookie domain 是否适用于给定 hostname。
+
+    支持带点前缀的 domain（如 `.saki.lat` 匹配 `api.saki.lat`）。
+    """
+    if not cookie_domain or not hostname:
+        return True  # 无 domain 限制时视为全域
+    # 去掉前缀点
+    domain = cookie_domain.lstrip(".")
+    return hostname == domain or hostname.endswith("." + domain)
+
+
+def _build_cookie_bundle(
+    cookies: list[dict[str, Any]],
+    page_url: str,
+) -> tuple[str, list[str]]:
+    """按 page_url 的 hostname 过滤并组装完整 cookie 字符串。
+
+    返回 (cookie_string, cookie_names_list)。
+    cookie_string 格式：name1=value1; name2=value2; ...
+    过滤掉空值 cookie。
+    """
+    hostname = ""
+    if page_url:
+        try:
+            hostname = urlparse(page_url).hostname or ""
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    parts: list[str] = []
+    names: list[str] = []
+    for c in cookies:
+        name = c.get("name", "")
+        value = c.get("value", "")
+        domain = c.get("domain", "")
+        if not name or not value:
+            continue
+        if hostname and not _cookie_matches_hostname(domain, hostname):
+            continue
+        parts.append(f"{name}={value}")
+        names.append(name)
+
+    return "; ".join(parts), names
+
+
 def _curate_candidates(
     cookies: list[dict[str, Any]],
     local_storage: dict[str, str],
     session_storage: dict[str, str],
     auth_headers: list[dict[str, str]],
     new_api_user: str = "",
+    page_url: str = "",
 ) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
     """Scan extracted data for likely credentials with confidence scoring."""
     candidates: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
 
-    # 1. CDP-captured network headers (highest confidence)
+    # 0. 完整 Cookie Bundle（最高优先级）
+    # 按页面 origin 收集所有相关 cookie，包含 cf_clearance 等 Cloudflare cookie
+    cookie_string, cookie_names = _build_cookie_bundle(cookies, page_url)
+    if cookie_string:
+        bundle_extra: dict[str, Any] = {
+            "cookie_count": len(cookie_names),
+            "cookie_names": cookie_names,
+        }
+        if new_api_user:
+            bundle_extra["new_api_user"] = new_api_user
+        _add(
+            candidates, "cookie_bundle",
+            f"bundle:{page_url[:60]}",
+            cookie_string,
+            f"[{len(cookie_names)} cookies: {', '.join(cookie_names[:5])}{'…' if len(cookie_names) > 5 else ''}]",
+            f"完整 Cookie 组（{len(cookie_names)} 个）",
+            98,
+            extra=bundle_extra,
+        )
+
+    # 1. CDP-captured network headers (high confidence)
     seen = set()
     for h in auth_headers:
         dedup_key = h["value"]
@@ -166,7 +244,7 @@ def _curate_candidates(
 
             # Looks like a JWT (xx.yy.zz format)
             if val.count(".") >= 2 and 20 < len(val) < 5000:
-                if dedup_key := val not in seen:
+                if val not in seen:
                     seen.add(val)
                     _add(candidates, "bearer_token", f"{store_name}.{key}", val, _preview(val),
                          f"{store_name}.{key} (JWT)", 80)
@@ -179,7 +257,7 @@ def _curate_candidates(
     if not new_api_user:
         new_api_user = _find_new_api_user(local_storage, session_storage)
 
-    # 3. Session cookies
+    # 3. 单个 Session cookie（保留，供独立 fallback / bearer 降级使用）
     for c in cookies:
         cname = c["name"].lower()
         if any(k in cname for k in SESSION_COOKIE_NAMES):
@@ -193,8 +271,9 @@ def _curate_candidates(
                  f"Cookie {c['name']} ({c['domain']})", confidence,
                  extra=extra)
 
+    # 排序：cookie_bundle 最高 → cookie → bearer/api_key → 其他
     candidates.sort(key=lambda item: (
-        0 if item.get("type") == "cookie" and item.get("cookie_name") == "session" else
+        0 if item.get("type") == "cookie_bundle" else
         1 if item.get("type") == "cookie" else
         2,
         -int(item.get("confidence") or 0),
diff --git a/backend/test_auth_capture.py b/backend/test_auth_capture.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..699c7f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/test_auth_capture.py
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+"""
+auth_capture_service 单元测试
+
+覆盖场景：
+- 完整 cookie bundle（含 cf_clearance、session）
+- domain 后缀匹配（.saki.lat → api.saki.lat）
+- 仅 1 个 cookie 也生成 bundle
+- 无 cookies 时 bearer_token 排第一
+- bundle 优先级高于单 session cookie
+- 现有 bearer / api_key 提取路径不受影响
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import pytest
+
+from app.services.auth_capture_service import (
+    _build_cookie_bundle,
+    _cookie_matches_hostname,
+    _curate_candidates,
+)
+
+
+# ── _cookie_matches_hostname ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def test_exact_hostname_match():
+    assert _cookie_matches_hostname("saki.lat", "saki.lat")
+
+
+def test_dot_prefix_subdomain_match():
+    """`.saki.lat` 应该匹配 `api.saki.lat`。"""
+    assert _cookie_matches_hostname(".saki.lat", "api.saki.lat")
+
+
+def test_dot_prefix_exact_match():
+    """`saki.lat` 仍应匹配 `saki.lat`（无前缀点）。"""
+    assert _cookie_matches_hostname(".saki.lat", "saki.lat")
+
+
+def test_no_domain_matches_all():
+    """空 domain 视为不限制。"""
+    assert _cookie_matches_hostname("", "anything.example.com")
+
+
+def test_different_domain_no_match():
+    assert not _cookie_matches_hostname(".example.com", "saki.lat")
+
+
+def test_partial_suffix_no_match():
+    """evil-saki.lat 不应匹配 .saki.lat。"""
+    assert not _cookie_matches_hostname(".saki.lat", "evil-saki.lat")
+
+
+# ── _build_cookie_bundle ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def _make_cookies(*items):
+    """构造 cookie 列表，items 是 (name, value, domain) 元组。"""
+    return [
+        {"name": n, "value": v, "domain": d, "httpOnly": False, "secure": True}
+        for n, v, d in items
+    ]
+
+
+def test_bundle_includes_cf_clearance():
+    cookies = _make_cookies(
+        ("cf_clearance", "abc123", ".saki.lat"),
+        ("session", "sess456", ".saki.lat"),
+        ("csrfToken", "csrf789", ".saki.lat"),
+    )
+    cookie_str, names = _build_cookie_bundle(cookies, "https://api.saki.lat/login")
+    assert "cf_clearance=abc123" in cookie_str
+    assert "session=sess456" in cookie_str
+    assert "csrfToken=csrf789" in cookie_str
+    assert "cf_clearance" in names
+    assert "session" in names
+
+
+def test_bundle_excludes_unrelated_domain():
+    cookies = _make_cookies(
+        ("session", "mine", ".saki.lat"),
+        ("other_session", "theirs", ".example.com"),
+    )
+    cookie_str, names = _build_cookie_bundle(cookies, "https://api.saki.lat/login")
+    assert "mine" in cookie_str
+    assert "theirs" not in cookie_str
+    assert "other_session" not in names
+
+
+def test_single_cookie_generates_bundle():
+    cookies = _make_cookies(("session", "onlyme", ".saki.lat"))
+    cookie_str, names = _build_cookie_bundle(cookies, "https://saki.lat/login")
+    assert cookie_str == "session=onlyme"
+    assert names == ["session"]
+
+
+def test_empty_value_cookie_excluded():
+    cookies = _make_cookies(
+        ("session", "valid", ".saki.lat"),
+        ("empty_cookie", "", ".saki.lat"),
+    )
+    cookie_str, names = _build_cookie_bundle(cookies, "https://saki.lat/")
+    assert "empty_cookie" not in names
+    assert "empty_cookie" not in cookie_str
+
+
+def test_no_cookies_returns_empty_bundle():
+    cookie_str, names = _build_cookie_bundle([], "https://saki.lat/")
+    assert cookie_str == ""
+    assert names == []
+
+
+# ── _curate_candidates ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def _base_candidates(cookies, page_url="", auth_headers=None):
+    return _curate_candidates(
+        cookies=cookies,
+        local_storage={},
+        session_storage={},
+        auth_headers=auth_headers or [],
+        new_api_user="",
+        page_url=page_url,
+    )
+
+
+def test_cookie_bundle_ranks_first():
+    """有 cookies 时，cookie_bundle 候选应排在第一。"""
+    cookies = _make_cookies(
+        ("cf_clearance", "cf_val", ".saki.lat"),
+        ("session", "sess_val", ".saki.lat"),
+    )
+    candidates = _base_candidates(cookies, page_url="https://api.saki.lat/login")
+    assert len(candidates) > 0
+    assert candidates[0]["type"] == "cookie_bundle"
+
+
+def test_cookie_bundle_value_is_full_string():
+    """cookie_bundle 的 value 应是完整 cookie 字符串。"""
+    cookies = _make_cookies(
+        ("cf_clearance", "cf_val", ".saki.lat"),
+        ("session", "sess_val", ".saki.lat"),
+    )
+    candidates = _base_candidates(cookies, page_url="https://api.saki.lat/")
+    bundle = next(c for c in candidates if c["type"] == "cookie_bundle")
+    assert "cf_clearance=cf_val" in bundle["value"]
+    assert "session=sess_val" in bundle["value"]
+
+
+def test_bundle_prioritized_over_single_session_cookie():
+    """cookie_bundle 候选应排在单 session cookie 候选之前。"""
+    cookies = _make_cookies(
+        ("session", "sess_val", ".saki.lat"),
+        ("cf_clearance", "cf_val", ".saki.lat"),
+    )
+    candidates = _base_candidates(cookies, page_url="https://api.saki.lat/")
+    types = [c["type"] for c in candidates]
+    bundle_idx = types.index("cookie_bundle")
+    cookie_idx = types.index("cookie") if "cookie" in types else len(types)
+    assert bundle_idx < cookie_idx
+
+
+def test_bearer_token_wins_when_no_cookies():
+    """无 cookies 时，bearer_token 应排在第一（如果有 auth_headers）。"""
+    auth_headers = [
+        {"type": "authorization", "value": "eyJ.abc.def", "url": "https://api.saki.lat/api/v1/groups"}
+    ]
+    candidates = _base_candidates([], page_url="https://api.saki.lat/", auth_headers=auth_headers)
+    assert len(candidates) > 0
+    assert candidates[0]["type"] == "bearer_token"
+
+
+def test_no_cookies_no_headers_returns_empty():
+    """无 cookies、无 storage、无 headers → 候选列表为空。"""
+    candidates = _base_candidates([], page_url="https://api.saki.lat/")
+    assert candidates == []
+
+
+def test_bundle_extra_contains_cookie_count_and_names():
+    """cookie_bundle 候选的 extra 应包含 cookie_count 和 cookie_names。"""
+    cookies = _make_cookies(
+        ("cf_clearance", "cf_val", ".saki.lat"),
+        ("session", "sess_val", ".saki.lat"),
+    )
+    candidates = _base_candidates(cookies, page_url="https://api.saki.lat/")
+    bundle = next(c for c in candidates if c["type"] == "cookie_bundle")
+    assert bundle.get("cookie_count") == 2
+    assert set(bundle.get("cookie_names", [])) == {"cf_clearance", "session"}
+
+
+def test_single_session_cookie_still_present_as_fallback():
+    """session cookie 应同时出现在候选列表中（作为 fallback）。"""
+    cookies = _make_cookies(
+        ("session", "sess_val", ".saki.lat"),
+        ("cf_clearance", "cf_val", ".saki.lat"),
+    )
+    candidates = _base_candidates(cookies, page_url="https://api.saki.lat/")
+    types = [c["type"] for c in candidates]
+    assert "cookie_bundle" in types
+    assert "cookie" in types
+
+
+def test_new_api_user_propagated_to_bundle():
+    """new_api_user 应写入 cookie_bundle 的 extra 字段。"""
+    cookies = _make_cookies(("session", "s", ".saki.lat"))
+    candidates = _curate_candidates(
+        cookies=cookies,
+        local_storage={"uid": "42"},
+        session_storage={},
+        auth_headers=[],
+        new_api_user="42",
+        page_url="https://saki.lat/",
+    )
+    bundle = next(c for c in candidates if c["type"] == "cookie_bundle")
+    assert bundle.get("new_api_user") == "42"